Bibliography

References:

Online reports:

Suzanne Patterson, (2009), The impact of high resolution media and makeup, Creative Artistry and FX, available from: http://www.creativeartistryfx.com/high_resolution_media.pdf

Patricia Rozema, (2008) How much sex is too much?, Directors guild of America, March 2016, available from: https://www.dga.org/Craft/DGAQ/All-Articles/0704-Winter-2007-08/In-My-Opinion-Patricia-Rozema.aspx

Anne Bilson,(2014) Horror: The Film Where Men Don’t Have all the Fun,  The Telegraph, April 2016, Available From: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/halloween/11200852/Horror-the-film-genre-where-men-dont-have-all-the-fun.html

Books:

Margaret Minor,(1889-1907) Southern Stories Retold from St Nicholas, New York, The De Vinne Press.

Charlotte Davis Kasl,(1990) Women Sex and Addiction: Search for Love and power, New York City, Harper Perennial

Melody Beattie,(2009) The new Codependency, New York City, Simon and Schuster

Robert Tallant, (1983) Voodoo in New Orleans, 2, New Orleans, Pelican Publishing.

Bram Stoker,(1993) Dracula, London, Wordsworth Editions Limited

Charlaine Harris,(2001) Dead until Dark, Great Britain, Gollancz

Charlaine Harris,(2002) Living Dead in Dallas, Great Britain, Gollancz

Marina Levina,(2013) Monster Culture in the 21^st  Century, London, Bloomsbury Academic

Madeleine Marsh,(2014) The Compacts and Cosmetics: Beauty from Victorian Times to the Present Day, England, Pen and Sword Books.

Sarah Jane Downing,(2012) Beauty and Cosmetics 1550-1950, London, Shire Publications.

Film and Television:

The Picture of Dorian Gray,(1945) Albert Lewin, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

The Picture of Dorian Gray,(1976 TV) Glenn Jordan, BBC

Dorian Gray,(2009 Film) Oliver Parker, Alliance Films, UK Film Council, Ealing Studios.

Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Mans Chest,(2006 film) Gore Vabinski, Walt Disney, Jerry Bruckheimer Films.

Interview With a Vampire,(1994 Film) Neil Jordan, Geffen Pictures.

Bram Stokers Dracula,(1992 Film) Francis Ford Cappola, American Zoetroppe, Osirus Films

Blade,(1998 film) Stephen Norrington, Marvel Enterprises, Amen Ka Films, Imaginary Forces.

The lost Boys,(1987 Films) Joel Schumacher, Warner Bros

True Blood,(2008-2014 TV Show) Alan Ball, Your Face Goes Here Entertainment.

Twilight,(2008 Film) Catherine Hardwicke, Temple Hill Eentertainment, Maverick Films, Imprint Entertainment.

Evaluation

Gothic Horror Part 1: Creating a character for Continuity.

This brief has been both interesting and challenging and I have learned many valuable lessons. I loved reading my chosen Novel ‘The picture of Dorian Gray’ by Oscar Wilde. I felt deeply connected to this book and was truly inspired by his story. After initially going beyond the brief with my first design of my chosen character Dorian Gray, I decided to strip it back and keep to the true essence of who Dorian was and how he was known. He was young and beautiful and I wanted to capture that with my model. I found this a great opportunity to challenge my natural style and step out of my comfort zone.

I was faced with a number of challenges with this project. I initially found my design quite challenging and had to do a lot of research to be able to make my design with my model fit the period. After over coming these obstacles I was then faced with another, my model Ben fell ill the day before completing the second half of the continuity assessment. I had to think on my feet and had a day to find another model, which ended up being my sister and then alter my design to fit her. I then had to start again and complete two assessments in one day. I was very proud of myself. This happens a lot in the industry and I learned how to think on my feet and problem solve. I felt I handled this really well and managed to complete the timed assessment to a high standard.

Gothic Horror Part 2: Creating 2 characters for a T.V series.

I was really excited to start the second part of this project. I new it was a more creative second half so was excited to get started. I chose True blood for my T.V show, as this was the only show out of the list I have watched and liked. I found that I was inspired when creating the characters specifically but that the subject sometimes was not one that I enjoyed. I scare easily and don’t particularly manage gore and horror very well. I do, however really love True Blood so was excited to create characters for this TV series.  I chose Claudia and Quentin for my characters. I had already chosen my sister to model Claudia for me, and her boyfriend Ben to model Quentin, so I knew there chemistry would carry through to the camera and create some great images. I really focused on the Louisiana culture and Myths and folklore as inspiration for my characters. The culture is so diverse but distinctive and plays a huge role in the backdrop to True Blood. It was really important for me to pull this into my design so that it was identifiable. True Blood has a wide range of characters and stories that I found it easy to find a place for my characters. I’m really pleased with the outcome of my designs and feel that I successfully created characters that fit, not only within the brief but within my chosen T.V shows too.

TV Show Moodboard, Claudia Mood Board and Quentin Mood Board.

True Blood Mood Board.

Claudia Mood Board.

Quentin Mood Board.

Final look and outcome for Claudia on location shoot

I am so happy with the way this shoot came out. After Applying the makeup and doing the hair and body makeup, We drove to the location and I touched up the makeup as I shot. My sister climbed up the tree to get this shot. It was above a marsh that she climbed through to get to the tree. She looks so beautiful and exactly how I pictured my character. The weather was so beautiful for that one day too so we managed to create that hot feel that you see in true blood as its set in Louisiana. I'm really proud of this shoot and the outcome and really feel that my hard work has paid off. I'm happy with my colour palette choice too and feel it works really well with the landscape and also fits perfectly with true blood. 

Products and tools:

1. Cleanser, toner and moisturiser
2. Satin Primer Ilamasqua
3. Kryolan Foundation and Concealer palette
4. Anastasia Contour colour in Banana 
5. Illamasqa setting powder
6. Hoola Bronzer by Benefit
7. Naked 2 Palette
8. Benefit mascara
9. Mac white and black eyeliners
10. Mary-louminiser
11. Baby oil
12. Nude lip liner with nude lipstick and sheer golden lipgloss all Kiko
13. Eyeshadow, face brushes
14. Tissue and cotton wool
15. Brow Brushes
16. Setting spray
17. Hair brush
18. sectioning comb
19. Body brush

Application:

1. The day before I had asked my sister to paint her toenails Blue as I wanted to display the modernity of my character and that she still very much cares about her appearance. and this helps her when playing different characters in her mind. 
2. I prepped the hair first as I was wetting it and didn't want to ruin the makeup with this later. I wet my models hair and covered it in baby oil so that it didn't dry.
3. Firstly with the makeup application, I cleansed toned and moisturised to remove the makeup
4. I then applied satin primer
5. I then applied foundation
6. I then applied concealer for the under eyes and brought it down to create more dimension.
7. I then applied my liquid bronzer. However i didn't put the bronzer in the usual places as my sister already has very pronounced bone structure. So I brought the bronzer down slightly so that it almost pushed them back into her face and gave her a softer look. I also used this to contour her nose as she has a low bridge. 
8. I then began applying the eye shadow and blending it out. I used a tissue to stop fall out. 
9. I then used my mac pencil to darken to eye close to the root of the eyelash.
10. I then applied the mascara and applied the eye lashes.
11. I then filled in the eyebrows and shaped them.
12. I then set the makeup with setting spray.
13. I then applied highlighter to the heights of her face. This would create the dewy look I was after without having to wet her face too much.
14. I then rubbed the baby oil into my hands and carefully placed it on my models face and body. 
15. I then ran it through my models hair and combed it through. To create the natural wet look I was after. I wanted her to look like she has just come out of the water.
16. I then applied the baby oil on my models body to create the wet look. I made sure she was covered. 

Close up photos of my Claudia Makeup final outcome.

When looking at the Claudia and Quentin photos that I took a couple of weeks ago, I realised that I didnt have any close up shots of my sister Bizzee as Claudia. I decided do the look again at home for the close up shots. I wanted you to see the design and technique of the makeup application. I'm really pleased with the outcome of my look as I feel that it fits really well with the True Blood series. Below  are the details of my application and products used.

Products and tools:

1. Cleanser, toner and moisturiser
2. Satin Primer Ilamasqua
3. Kryolan Foundation and Concealer palette
4. Anastasia Contour colour in Banana 
5. Illamasqa setting powder
6. Hoola Bronzer by Benefit
7. Naked 2 Palette
8. Benefit mascara
9. Mac white and black eyeliners
10. Mary-louminiser
11. Baby oil
12. Nude lip liner with nude lipstick and sheer golden lipgloss all Kiko
13. Eyeshadow, face brushes
14. Tissue and cotton wool
15. Brow Brushes
16. Setting spray
17. Hair brush
18. sectioning comb
19. Body brush

Application:

1. I prepped the hair first as I was wetting it and didn't want to ruin the makeup with this later. I wet my models hair and covered it in baby oil so that it didn't dry.
2. Firstly with the makeup application, I cleansed toned and moisturised to remove the makeup
3. I then applied satin primer
4. I then applied foundation
5. I then applied concealer for the under eyes and brought it down to create more dimension.
6. I then applied my liquid bronzer. However i didn't put the bronzer in the usual places as my sister already has very pronounced bone structure. So I brought the bronzer down slightly so that it almost pushed them back into her face and gave her a softer look. I also used this to contour her nose as she has a low bridge. 
7. I then began applying the eye shadow and blending it out. I used a tissue to stop fall out. 
8. I then used my mac pencil to darken to eye close to the root of the eyelash.
9. I then applied the mascara and applied the eye lashes.
10. I then filled in the eyebrows and shaped them.
11. I then set the makeup with setting spray.
12. I then applied highlighter to the heights of her face. This would create the dewy look I was after without having to wet her face too much.
13. I then rubbed the baby oil into my hands and carefully placed it on my models face and body. 
14. I then ran it through my models hair and combed it through. 
15. To make the hair detail on my models shoulders and chest, I Sectioned two pieces of my models hair Underneath, either side of my models head and split them into 3. 
16. I then covered them with more baby oil and stuck them in my design symmetrically on her chest and shoulders.

Outcome:

I'm really happy I chose to do a close up application so you can really see the technique I used and the detailed effect. I'm really pleased with my design and feel I have managed to channel the nymph into my character and still make her accessible to the audience. I am really happy with the colour palette I used but I think next time I would take it a step further and use more products to make the character more magical. I definitely found it a challenge to create this character with the brief that was given but Im really happy with my design and how it fits in to my chosen show. 

Continuity Assessment: Part 2: With my sister Modelling

Health and Safety: 

1. Set up station neatly and safely.
2. Make sure tools and equipment are clean and sterilised ready for application. 
3. Make sure consultation and any allergy tests have been completed before the treatment.
4. Cover model.
5. Make sure all electrical equipment is set up safely and securely.

Tools and Equipment:

1. Cleanser, toner and moisturiser.
2. Couch Roll, Tissue, Cotton Buds, Cotton Pads, Spatulas, palette.
3. Face wipes.
4. Primer Illamasqua.
5. Embryolisse Moisturiser.
6. Mac Foundation NW13.
7. Mac palette concealer.
8. Nars Concealer.
9. Illamasqua Translucent Powder.
10. Blush palette
11. Illamasqua sculpt Palette.
12. Brushes
13. Revolution Neutral Palette.
14. Maybelinne Mascara
15. Mac Pink Lipstick in please me.
16. Beauty Blender.
17. Pintail Comb
18. Curling tongs
19. Paddle Brush
20. Bobby Pins
21. Clear hair bands
22. Hair Spray
23. Black and White Hair wax.
24. Section Clips.

Technique and Application:

1. I first sectioned my models hair into 3 sections. One for the back bun, and one either side of the middle parting. 
2. I then clipped the 2 sections either side of the middle parting. To keep them out of the way.
3. I then tied up the back section into a ponytail.
4. I then split the ponytail into 2 sections and plaited each one securing them with a clear band. 
5. I then twisted these 2 plaits into a bun and secured then with bobby pins. 
6. I made sure the pins were hidden and the hair was neat and tidy. Cleaning the stray hairs with hairspray.
7. I then began to curl each side of the parting into ringlets. 
8. Once I had finished the hair, I lightly pinned the hair off of the face so I could begin The makeup application.
9. I began by cleansing, toning and moisturising Bizzee's face.
10. I then applied primer to create an even base.
11. I then began to apply the foundation to cover any uneven colouration. 
12. I then applied concealer under the eyes and to any blemishes. 
13. I then applied translucent powder to set the base.
14. I then contoured under Bizzee's cheekbones to create a hollow look under the cheekbones. 
15. I then applied blusher to the apple of the cheeks.
16. I then lightly filled in my sisters eyebrows to even out the colour. She has had her eyebrows tattooed on so I only had to fill them in slightly. 
17. I then applied the tiniest amount of mascara to the lashes to make them look as natural as possible. 
18. I then applied the lipstick to Bizzee's lips with a lip brush. I applied this lightly as I wanted the colour to be close to her natural colour. 
19. When I was finished I then applied translucent powder to set all of the makeup.
20. I then used the moments before taking the photos to fix any stray hairs or any mistakes. 

Outcome:

I'm really happy with the outcome of this and proud of how I managed the problem solving aspect of my assessment. I have had no practise time, as this was so last minute, but I feel that I have done very well at re-creating this look. I worked really hard at the sectioning of the hair as I knew this was the hardest part to make look the same. I am disappointed however, at the outcome of the curls. In the first part of the assessment The curls were a lot looser than in the second. I am disappointed with this as I feel that If I had had more practise time, I would have had a chance to see and realise the time and attention to detail it takes to create the same structure of curls a second time around. I realised too late this time that you need to focus on the condition of the hair before styling it each time. You need to ask yourself, is the hair newly washed each time you styled it. This helps with the structure of the curl, as does timing the amount you hold the curls in the curling wand. This would have shown me how long they needed to be in the curling wand to re-create the same curl structure. Because this was a last minute re-design I wouldn't find this out until later. This did teach me a lot about practising techniques all the time though so that you, can be prepared for any opportunity. I'm happy with the way everything worked out as I learned some valuable lessons and learned that I can work under pressure and problem solve when things go wrong. 

My Third Design Idea: Face plan

For this design I wanted to create the dream sequence, the same as the first design, but i wanted to create it a lot later in the movie. I wanted an opportunity to show my SFX skills and show my models face rotting. As in this scene he would have taken on the decay of his own soul, instead of the painting. 

This idea is very exciting as I feel that this would be a really creative thing to create. I would mix my colours to create the green and maybe just build up the colour to create the look of decay, maybe adding another material in to create the 3D effect. 

I do however think that this maybe a bit complicated for the continuity assessment, and that I could use this for a later project. I feel that the decay would be really hard to replicate a second time round and as this is my first continuity assessment, I would like to try something a little more simple, in order to get the best result possible. 

My Second Design Idea: Face plan

This is my Second Design Idea.

I really love the simplicity of this idea. I love the power of Dorian Gray's character and how he represents Lord Henry Wotton's idea of power with Dorians Youth and beauty. I love this idea and I wanted an opportunity to represent this with one of my designs. I also think that this will be a good design for the continuity part of the assessment. This will be easy to replicate. 

I will look into male makeup, to see how to create a clean base on male skin as there skin can be a lot rougher than women's. This will be useful for the photography part, as the makeup has to be HD ready. I want to look at ways of making my model beautiful and youthful. 

My first design Idea: Face plan

For my first design of Dorian Gray, I was going to create a dream Sequence where he finds him self taking back the ageing process from the painting and wearing his cruelty and immorality. This scene would come after Sybil Vane had killed herself because of his cruelty and rejection. I was going to create a moral dilemma that would make Dorian decide between his vanity and morality.  

In this scene Dorian would have  greyer complexion, slight evil in his eye and as the book says of the painting. 'a touch of cruelty in the mouth'. I was going to exaggerate this in the dream sequence scene  and create more shadows and redder eyes etc. I also wanted to showcase what the skin colouring might have looked like. At this time london was dingy and factories were being built everyday. The smog was a huge factor so I wanted to grey out his complexion to showcase this. I also wanted to try this because at this time rich people didn't spend a lot of time out doors so they were naturally pale. Dorian also went out a lot so I wanted to make him look a little tired if he was taking his looks back. 

Below is my face plan for the first design idea I have. 

Continuity assessment. Part 1. Second Attempt with my sister modelling.

This is my second first part of my continuity assessment. My model Ben was really sick so he couldn't make it for the second part of this assessment. I was told my Kat and Sue that my assessment needed to be completed by the next day so I had to find a model that would model for the first and second half of my assessment. I had to start again and re-design my design to fit my new model as I had designed my previous design around my previous model and his hair. I organised with my sister to come in and model for the next day for both, the first and second part of my continuity assessment, with a 3 hour break in between. I re-designed the Dorian Gray look to suit her. 

I came in to the room and set up my station. 

Health and Safety: 

1. Set up station neatly and safely.
2. Make sure tools and equipment are clean and sterilised ready for application. 
3. Make sure consultation and any allergy tests have been completed before the treatment.
4. Cover model.
5. Make sure all electrical equipment is set up safely and securely.

Tools and Equipment:

1. Cleanser, toner and moisturiser.
2. Couch Roll, Tissue, Cotton Buds, Cotton Pads, Spatulas, palette.
3. Face wipes.
4. Primer Illamasqua.
5. Embryolisse Moisturiser.
6. Mac Foundation NW13.
7. Mac palette concealer.
8. Nars Concealer.
9. Illamasqua Translucent Powder.
10. Blush palette
11. Illamasqua sculpt Palette.
12. Brushes
13. Revolution Neutral Palette.
14. Maybelinne Mascara
15. Mac Pink Lipstick in please me.
16. Beauty Blender.
17. Pintail Comb
18. Curling tongs
19. Paddle Brush
20. Bobby Pins
21. Clear hair bands
22. Hair Spray
23. Black and White Hair wax.
24. Section Clips.

Technique and Application:

1. I first sectioned my models hair into 3 sections. One for the back bun, and one either side of the middle parting. 
2. I then clipped the 2 sections either side of the middle parting. To keep them out of the way.
3. I then tied up the back section into a ponytail.
4. I then split the ponytail into 2 sections and plaited each one securing them with a clear band. 
5. I then twisted these 2 plaits into a bun and secured then with bobby pins. 
6. I made sure the pins were hidden and the hair was neat and tidy. Cleaning the stray hairs with hairspray.
7. I then began to curl each side of the parting into ringlets. 
8. Once I had finished the hair, I lightly pinned the hair off of the face so I could begin The makeup application.
9. I began by cleansing, toning and moisturising Bizzee's face.
10. I then applied primer to create an even base.
11. I then began to apply the foundation to cover any uneven colouration. 
12. I then applied concealer under the eyes and to any blemishes. 
13. I then applied translucent powder to set the base.
14. I then contoured under Bizzee's cheekbones to create a hollow look under the cheekbones. 
15. I then applied blusher to the apple of the cheeks.
16. I then lightly filled in my sisters eyebrows to even out the colour. She has had her eyebrows tattooed on so I only had to fill them in slightly. 
17. I then applied the tiniest amount of mascara to the lashes to make them look as natural as possible. 
18. I then applied the lipstick to Bizzee's lips with a lip brush. I applied this lightly as I wanted the colour to be close to her natural colour. 
19. When I was finished I then applied translucent powder to set all of the makeup.
20. I then used the moments before taking the photos to fix any stray hairs or any mistakes. 

Outcome and Thoughts: 

This was a very last minute process. I had to start over due to my previous model being sick and the deadline being tomorrow. I was really nervous but once I had my model sorted it was time to re-do my face plan and notes for the timed assessment. I really wanted to use this opportunity to show that I can adapt to new situations or plan changes. This happens a lot in the industry and I thought it was a good experience to prepare me for it. I thought it went really well especially as I hadn't had any time to practise this look. I had however had done my sister's makeup before so I was comfortable with the application. I feel that this is a good representation of my character and the Victorian era and I'm very pleased with the outcome.

First half of my Continuity assessment.

Before Shot.

Before Shot.

Today was the first half of my continuity aassessment. 

Health and Safety.

1. Make sure that you set up your workspace neatly with all trip hazards out of the way.
2. Make sure you have tested the products on your client first to make sure there are no bad reactions.
3. Fill out a consultation.
4. Clean and disinfect tools before use
5. Cover your client

Tools used:

1. Couch roll, tissues, cotton buds, cotton pads.
2. cleanser, toner, moisturiser.
3. Illamasqau matte primer
4. Kryolan Concealer Palette. 2 shades
5. Illamasqua translucent powder.
6. Revolution Nudes palette.
7. Lush lip scrub
8. Lip balm.
9. Makeup brushes
10. Cape
11. Palette
12. Coastal scents blusher palette
13. Hair combs
14. Black and white hair wax
15. Water in spray bottle
16. Section clips
17. Shirt and scarf
18. Camera, hot shoe adapter, and SD card

Step by step application.

1. I combed through Ben's hair with an afro comb to make it easier to mould into shape.
2. I then applied a lot of water to Ben's hair to make it more limp. This was so that I could part it and comb it down.
3. I then sectioned Ben's parting to the side as per my design.
4. Once I had parted Ben's hair I then applied the wax all the way through and focused it toward the root area to create clean waves near the parting. 
5. I then clipped Ben's hair down with the section clips, 1. to keep the hair down and 2. to allow me to do Ben's makeup without getting the make up in Ben's hair. 
6. I began by cleansing, toning and moisturising Ben's face.
7. I then used the lush lip scrub to get rid of the dead skin on Bens lips.
8. I then applied the matte primer all over.
9. I then applied concealer to Ben's blemishes and also used it to even out his skin tone and create a youthful look.
10. Once I had finished with the concealer I applied translucent powder to set it.
11. I then ised my revolution palette in the shade dark brown to fill in Ben's beard and eyebrows. This helped create a youthful look also.
12. I then went over bens eyelids with a pale nude colour.
13. I then slightly contoured with a muted brown colour to create a more chiselled look.
14. I then applied blusher to his cheeks
15. i then finished with applying lipsil to Ben's lips to make them a little pinker.
16. I then asked Ben to put the white granddad shirt on and I then put on the scarf. 

Outcome and Thoughts:

I am really pleased with how this went. I had really prepared and practised this design and researched Male makeup application to feel confident enough to pull this off. I kept within the desired time frame and even had extra time at the end to perfect everything before taking pictures. I'm really glad I kept my design simple and focused on creating a male beauty design rather then getting too complicated with special effects. I really wanted to keep to Oscar Wilde's design of the character as it makes sense for the story. I really enjoyed doing Ben's makeup and male makeup in general, so much so that I will Definitely be using male model's again in future projects. 

Overall I'm really pleased with my design outcome and my final makeup application. 

Early Victorian Hairstyles. With Helen

Second attempt. I didn't manage to finish the curls in time.

Today in Helen's class we learned about classic Victorian hair. We learned about the shape and texture and also how many different styles there were and how they changed as the Victorian period. We were looking at the early period from 1830's to the 1860's. The Victorian hairstyles were very precise. They usually had a middle parting, with a bun at the back and side detail. They seemed to focus a lot on the sides as this part of the hair framed the face and was really the only part of the hair you could see with a hat or bonnet on. Bonnets were particularity popular in this early period. 

The women of this time would either curl, twist, or plait the side sections. In the earlier days the hair was higher and as the era went on the side section plaits or curls got lower and lower. 

First style attempt.


Step by Step.

1. Firstly I split the hair into 3 sections. 2 at the sides and 1 at the back. 
2. I clipped the two side sections at the front so they were out of the way and then brushed the back section so that it was neatly put into a pony tail. 
3. Once it was in a pony tail, I split the pony tail into 2 sections and plaited them. I then wrapped them around the pony one after the other and then clipped them in place. 
4. I made sure there were no loose hairs and then moved on to the side sections. 
5. For my first style I brushed the sections out and starting with one side started to plait one section from below the ear letting it hang under the ear and connect to the bun. 
6. I then clipped these in place. I continued this on the other side. 
7. I then put some wax over them to sleek them down. 
8. Once I had completed this I then took out the plaits and began to curl the hair to give a different style. 
9. I sectioned each side section into 4 little sections. I then began to curl each section. making sure they made a sausage shape. I pulled out and rolled the hair in the curlers. Making sure they are sitting where the curls will fall.
10. I then let the curls go from the tongs. I then positioned them in the right place.

Outcome. 

I really enjoyed this lesson. I love the sleekness of Victorian styles and how symmetrical they were. I also saw some images that seemed really modern in the slides shown by Helen. One woman had her hair moulded into a bow shape which I thought was really forward thinking for the time. It really opened my eyes to how much, with regards to hair styling, we recycle. 

I think I have the basic technique down, but I definitely need to practise my curling. I wasn't positioning the curls in the right place. Helen then gave me a little help and showed me the correct way. I will practise this at home and document it so that you can see my progress. 

Outcome